The following article has been republished with permission from Book of Mormon Central.
The Know
As Nephi begins to close his record, he emphatically teaches what he called “the doctrine of Christ” (2 Nephi 31:21; 32:6), defined as, in essence: faith, repentance, baptism, receiving the gift of the Holy Ghost, and enduring to the end to receive eternal life (2 Nephi 31:13–15).1 Nephi teaches the gospel with explicit “plainness” and clarity (2 Nephi 31:2; 32:7), and yet at least some of his people struggled to understand what he taught (2 Nephi 32:1–4).
One method Nephite prophets repeatedly used to clearly teach the people about Christ was to draw on the symbolism and ritual of Israelite temple worship. The clearest example of this is King Benjamin’s speech, where he gathered the people to the temple and taught them about the atoning blood of Christ, likely in connection with the rituals of the Day of Atonement and other Israelite autumn festivals (Mosiah 2–5).2 Jacob, Nephi’s younger brother, likewise taught about the plan of salvation at the newly built temple during what was likely one of the autumn festivals (2 Nephi 6–10).3
According to Shon D. Hopkin, professor of ancient scripture at BYU, Nephi did the same thing in 2 Nephi 31–32. “In teaching these concepts of the doctrine of Christ that may have been new to the Nephites … he provided them a familiar context by describing them in terms provided by the Temple of Solomon.”4 As another scholar observed, “The last three chapters of Second Nephi are saturated with the theme of the [temple] veil.”5
In ancient Israel, the high priest was the only one who could pass through the veil and enter the holy of holies, and he only did so on a single day—the Day of Atonement. In the process of performing various rituals, the high priest would pass by the altar of sacrifice and the molten sea and go through the entryway of the temple. There, in the “holy place,” was the menorah (a seven-branched lampstand), the table of showbread, and the altar of incense. The high priest would pass by each of these emblems as he performed his duties and approached the veil of the holy of holies. Hopkin explains that on the Day of Atonement, “the high priest was allowed to pass the cherubim or angels stitched upon the veil into the symbolic presence of God displayed by his throne … in the holy of holies.”6
Hopkin argued that Nephi’s presentation of the doctrine of Christ relied “upon imagery of the high priest’s divine ascent” performed on the Day of Atonement, when the priest went “from the east end of the Temple (at the altar of sacrifice) to its west end (in the holy of holies).”7 In the doctrine of Christ, Hopkin compares repentance and baptism to symbolically passing by the altar of sacrifice (repentance) and the molten sea (baptism) while entering in through the “gate” or temple door into the “holy place.”8
Once they’ve entered through the gate/temple door, “the worshiper can receive the baptism of fire and see by the light of the Holy Ghost, symbolized by the blazing menorah or lampstand.”9 From there, they must “press forward” by “feasting upon the word of Christ” (2 Nephi 31:2; 32:3)—invoking the symbolism of the table of showbread.10
At this point, Nephi “cannot say more” (2 Nephi 32:7). “The worshipper is left at the veil, seeking to speak the tongue of angels by a reliance on the word of God and the gift of the Holy Ghost.”11 To move further, Nephi urges that we must pray (2 Nephi 32:8–9)—the symbolic function of the altar of incense (see Psalm 141:2; Revelation 8:3–4)—but he himself cannot divulge anymore.12 Standing at the veil, the worshipper must ask and knock for themselves, to “speak with the tongue of angels” (2 Nephi 32:2) in order to pass through the angelic cherubim who guard the way into the holy of holies—where the Lord will “manifest himself unto you in the flesh” (2 Nephi 32:6).13
The Why
Elder Jeffrey R. Holland, taking his cue from 2 Nephi 11:1–3, has said that the testimonies of Jacob (2 Nephi 6–10), Isaiah (2 Nephi 12–24), and Nephi himself (2 Nephi 31–33) were “standing like sentinels at the gate of the Book of Mormon,” ever ready to “admit us into the scriptural presence of the Lord.”14 Indeed, standing on the cusp of the Lord’s presence is exactly where the culmination of their testimonies leaves readers at the end of 2 Nephi. Leaving a series of literary clues that come together in 2 Nephi 33, Nephi shows that he himself has indeed passed through the veil and will be there when we stand to face God (2 Nephi 33:11–15).15
Why would Nephi have used the mental model of the temple in ending his book of sacred prophecy and teaching? Nephi and Jacob loved the temple they had sacrificed to build as a first order of business in their new city in the land of Nephi. Having masterfully guided the construction of that temple after the manner of the Temple of Solomon, Nephi naturally used its meaningful floorplan and sacred implements in literarily structuring his final holy benediction.
In the ancient Israelite temple, “The high-priestly procession reflects the journey of Israel past the cherubim placed eastward of Eden and back into the presence of God, reversing the effects of the fall of Adam and Eve.”16 One of the consequences of the fall is death (Genesis 2:17; 2 Nephi 2:18-27; Alma 42:9), and the Messiah was promised to come in the fullness of time to “redeem the children of men from the fall” (2 Nephi 2:26). But in order to receive, man must appropriately “choose liberty and eternal life” or otherwise face “captivity and death“ (2 Nephi 2:27). Likewise, if the appropriate procedures were not followed by the high priest as he approached the Holy of Holies, “entrance into the presence of God entailed the risk of death.”17
By using this high priestly ascent as the model for explaining the doctrine of Christ, Nephi wanted all mankind to understand that, thanks to Jesus Christ, everyone—and not just the high priest—could choose to follow Christ and the sacred path leading back into the presence of God. Christ is the Great High Priest, who overcame death and the fall once and for all (Romans 5:14–15; 1 Corinthians 15:21–26; Hebrews 10:10, 21). Thus, those who follow the doctrine of Christ will reverse the effects of the fall in their own lives, and after pressing forward with steadfastness in Christ, they will enter the presence of God—not with the risk of death, but with the promise of eternal life (2 Nephi 31:18, 20).
Further Reading
Shon D. Hopkin, “Representing the Divine Ascent: The Day of Atonement in Christian and Nephite Scripture and Practice,” in The Temple: Ancient and Restored, ed. Stephen D. Ricks and Donald W. Parry (Salt Lake and Orem, UT: Eborn Books and Interpreter Foundation, 2016), 337–360.
Neal Rappleye, “‘With the Tongue of Angels’: Angelic Speech as a Form of Deification,” Interpreter: A Journal of Mormon Scripture 21 (2016): 303–323.
References
1. Book of Mormon Central, “What is the Doctrine of Christ? (2 Nephi 31:21),” KnoWhy 58 (March 21, 2016). This has been laid out most extensively in the writings of Noel Reynolds. See Noel B. Reynolds, “The Gospel of Jesus Christ as Taught by the Nephite Prophets,” BYU Studies 31, no. 3 (1991): 31–50; Noel B. Reynolds, “The True Points of My Doctrine,” Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 5, no. 2 (1996): 36–56; Noel B. Reynolds, “This Is the Way,” Religious Educator 14, no. 3 (2013): 79–91; Noel B. Reynolds, “The Gospel According to Nephi: An Essay on 2 Nephi 31,” Religious Educator 16, no. 2 (2015): 51–75.
2. See Book of Mormon Central, “Why Did the Nephites Stay in the Their Tents During King Benjamin’s Speech? (Mosiah 2:6),” KnoWhy 80 (April 18, 2016); Book of Mormon Central, “Why Does King Benjamin Emphasize the Blood of Christ? (Mosiah 4:2),” KnoWhy 82 (April 20, 2016). For more detailed discussion of these points, see Terrence L. Szink and John W. Welch, “King Benjamin’s Speech in the Context of Ancient Israelite Festivals,” in King Benjamin’s Speech: “That Ye May Learn Wisdom”, ed. John W. Welch and Stephen D. Ricks (Provo, UT: FARMS, 1998), 147–223; John A. Tvedtnes, “King Benjamin and the Feast of Tabernacles,” in By Study and Also by Faith: Essays in Honor of Hugh W. Nibley, 2 vols., ed. John M. Lundquist and Stephen D. Ricks (Salt Lake City and Prove, UT: Deseret Book and FARMS, 1990), 2:197–237.
3. See Book of Mormon Central, “Did Jacob Refer to Ancient Israelite Autumn Festivals? (2 Nephi 6:4),” KnoWhy 32 (February 12, 2016). For more information, see John S. Thompson, “Isaiah 50–51, the Israelite Autumn Festivals, and the Covenant Speech of Jacob in 2 Nephi 6–10,” in Isaiah in the Book of Mormon, ed. Donald W. Parry and John W. Welch (Provo, UT: FARMS, 1998), 123–150.
4. Shon D. Hopkin, “Representing the Divine Ascent: The Day of Atonement in Christian and Nephite Scripture and Practice,” in The Temple: Ancient and Restored, ed. Stephen D. Ricks and Donald W. Parry (Salt Lake and Orem, UT: Eborn Books and Interpreter Foundation, 2016), 347.
5. Joseph M. Spencer, An Other Testament: On Typology, 2nd ed. (Provo, UT: Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship, 2016), 46. See pp. 46–49 for Spencer’s full discussion of 2 Nephi 31–33 in light of the temple veil/holy of holies.
6. Hopkin, “Representing the Divine Ascent,” 341. See pp. 339–341 for Hopkin’s full summary of the Day of Atonement rituals.
7. Hopkin, “Representing the Divine Ascent,” 348.
8. Hopkin, “Representing the Divine Ascent,” 349.
9. Hopkin, “Representing the Divine Ascent,” 349.
10. Hopkin, “Representing the Divine Ascent,” 350–351.
11. Hopkin, “Representing the Divine Ascent,” 351.
12. At the altar of incense, Israelite priests would offer prayers while burning incense, the smoke of which ascended to heaven symbolically carrying the prayers to God. See Hopkin, “Representing the Divine Ascent,” 351.
13. Hopkin, “Representing the Divine Ascent,” 351–352.
14. Jeffrey R. Holland, Christ and the New Covenant: The Messianic Message of the Book of Mormon (Salt Lake City, UT: Deseret Book, 1997), 94.
15. See Book of Mormon Central, “What is it to Speak with the Tongue of Angels? (2 Nephi 32:2),” KnoWhy 60 (March 23, 2016). For a more in-depth treatment, see Neal Rappleye, “‘With the Tongue of Angels’: Angelic Speech as a Form of Deification,” Interpreter: A Journal of Mormon Scripture 21 (2016): 303–323.
16. Hopkin, “Representing the Divine Ascent,” 341. For more background on the relationship between the Garden of Eden and Israelite temple worship, see Donald W. Parry, “Garden of Eden: Prototype Sanctuary,” in Temples of the Ancient World, ed. Donald W. Parry (Salt Lake City and Provo, UT: FARMS, 1994), 126–151. See also John H. Walton, The Lost World of Adam and Eve: Genesis 2–3 and the Human Origins Debate (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2015), 116–127.
17. Hopkin, “Representing the Divine Ascent,” 341.